Formulas for addition, double arc, half arc and transformation into product (chapters V and VI).
Teste 75CESCEM-73
It is known that $\operatorname{tg} 75^\circ = 2 + \sqrt{3}$ and $\operatorname{tg} 60^\circ = \sqrt{3}$. The value of $\operatorname{tg} 15^\circ$ is:
If $0 < a < \frac{\pi}{2}$ and $0 < b < \frac{\pi}{2}$, then:
$\operatorname{sen}(a + b) = \operatorname{sen} a\cos b + \operatorname{sen} b\cos a$, and in the 1st quadrant (open) $0 < \cos a, \cos b < 1$; each installment is smaller than $\operatorname{sen} a$ and $\operatorname{sen} b$, respectively.
Teste 77PUC-71
For every real $x$, the relationship always holds:
The double arc formula is valid for every real $x$. (c) and (e) are not valid where $\cos x = 0$ or $\operatorname{sen} x = 0$ (the two members do not even exist), (a) and (d) are false in general.
Teste 78MACK-74
The expression $N = \operatorname{sen}\alpha\cos\alpha\cos 2\alpha\cos 4\alpha\cos 8\alpha\cos 16\alpha\cos 32\alpha$ is equivalent to:
Repeatedly use $\operatorname{sen} t\cos t = \frac{1}{2}\operatorname{sen} 2t$: $\operatorname{sen}\alpha\cos\alpha = \frac{1}{2}\operatorname{sen} 2\alpha$; times $\cos 2\alpha$ gives $\frac{1}{4}\operatorname{sen} 4\alpha$; …; at the end, $\frac{1}{2^6}\operatorname{sen} 64\alpha$.
Teste 79FEI-67
The shortest period of the function $f(x) = \operatorname{sen} x\cos x$ is:
$\operatorname{sen} x\cos x = \frac{1}{2}\operatorname{sen} 2x$, period $\frac{2\pi}{2} = \pi$.
Teste 80MACK-77
Let the functions $f_1$ and $f_2$ of domain $\mathbb{R}$ be defined by $f_1(x) = \operatorname{sen} x + \cos x$ and $f_2(x) = 3\operatorname{sen} x\cos x$. Since $I_1$ and $I_2$ are the image sets of $f_1$ and $f_2$, respectively, we have that:
$f_1(x) = \sqrt{2}\operatorname{sen}\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)$ has image $I_1 = [-\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{2}]$; $f_2(x) = \frac{3}{2}\operatorname{sen} 2x$ has image $I_2 = \left[-\frac{3}{2}, \frac{3}{2}\right]$. Like $\sqrt{2} < \frac{3}{2}$, $I_1$ is contained in $I_2$ and is different from it.
Teste 81CESCEM-76
It is known that $\operatorname{sen} 2x = 2\operatorname{sen} x\cos x$. Therefore, $\operatorname{sen} 4x$ is equal to:
Applying the same formula to $2x$: $\operatorname{sen} 4x = \operatorname{sen}(2 \cdot 2x) = 2\operatorname{sen} 2x\cos 2x$.
Teste 82GV-73
Since $x$ is an arc of the fourth quadrant and $\operatorname{sen} x = -\frac{1}{2}$, the value of $\operatorname{sen} 4x$ is:
In the 4th quadrant, $\operatorname{sen} x = -\frac{1}{2}$ gives $x = -\frac{\pi}{6}$ (less turns). Then $\operatorname{sen} 4x = \operatorname{sen}\left(-\frac{2\pi}{3}\right) = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$.
Teste 83CESCEM-70
If $\cos 2x = 2\cos^2 x - 1$, then the value of $\cos 4x$ is:
$\cos 4x = 2\cos^2 2x - 1 = 2(2\cos^2 x - 1)^2 - 1 = 8\cos^4 x - 8\cos^2 x + 1$.
Teste 84CESCEA-77
Knowing that $\cos 2x = \frac{2}{3}$, the value of $\operatorname{tg}^2 x$ is:
Since $x$ is an arc of the first quadrant and $\operatorname{sen} x = a$, the expression $2\cos 2x + \operatorname{sen}^2 2x$ is equal to:
$2\cos 2x + \operatorname{sen}^2 2x = 2(1 - 2a^2) + 4a^2(1 - a^2) = 2 - 4a^4 = 2(1 - 2a^4)$. (The printed statement has $2\cos^2 x$ in the first part; with it, the expression would give $2 + 2a^2 - 4a^4$, which is not among the alternatives.)
Teste 86
Knowing that $\operatorname{sen} a = \frac{3}{5}$ and $\cos a = \frac{4}{5}$, then $\operatorname{sen} 2a + \cos 2a$ is equal to:
$\operatorname{sen} 2a = 2 \cdot \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{4}{5} = \frac{24}{25}$ and $\cos 2a = \frac{16}{25} - \frac{9}{25} = \frac{7}{25}$; the sum is $\frac{31}{25}$.
Teste 87CESCEM-77
Let $f$ and $g$ be functions defined by $f(x) = \cos 2x$ and $g(x) = \operatorname{sen}^2 x - 1$. So $f(x) + g(x)$ is:
$\cos 2x + \operatorname{sen}^2 x - 1 = (1 - 2\operatorname{sen}^2 x) + \operatorname{sen}^2 x - 1 = -\operatorname{sen}^2 x$.
Teste 88MACK-74
The period of the function $f$ defined by $f(x) = \operatorname{sen}^4 x$ is:
$\operatorname{sen}^4(x + \pi) = (-\operatorname{sen} x)^4 = \operatorname{sen}^4 x$, and no shorter period will do (the function is valid 0 in $x = 0$ and only cancels out again in $x = \pi$). The printed template indicates $\frac{\pi}{2}$, but $\operatorname{sen}^4\left(x + \frac{\pi}{2}\right) = \cos^4 x$, which is generally different from $\operatorname{sen}^4 x$.
Teste 89MACK-74
The period of function $f(x) = \operatorname{sen}^2 3x - \cos 4x$ is:
$\operatorname{sen}^2 3x = \frac{1 - \cos 6x}{2}$ has period $\frac{\pi}{3}$ and $\cos 4x$ has period $\frac{\pi}{2}$. The lowest common multiple of $\frac{\pi}{3}$ and $\frac{\pi}{2}$ is $\pi$.
Teste 90CESCEA-73
The expression $\dfrac{\operatorname{tg} x}{1 + \operatorname{tg} x} + \dfrac{\operatorname{tg} x}{1 - \operatorname{tg} x}$ is identical to:
Let $f(x) = \operatorname{tg}\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \cdot \operatorname{tg}\left(x - \frac{\pi}{4}\right)$. We can state that:
With $t = \operatorname{tg} x$: $\operatorname{tg}\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)\operatorname{tg}\left(x - \frac{\pi}{4}\right) = \frac{t + 1}{1 - t} \cdot \frac{t - 1}{1 + t} = -1$, whenever everything is defined. In $x = \frac{\pi}{4}$, for example, $\operatorname{tg}\frac{\pi}{2}$ does not exist.
Teste 92MACK-74
Let $w = \operatorname{tg}\alpha + \operatorname{cotg}\alpha$, with $0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi}{2}$. Then:
With $t = \operatorname{tg}\alpha > 0$, $w = t + \frac{1}{t} \ge 2$ (equal to $\alpha = \frac{\pi}{4}$); see also test 47.
Teste 93EAESP-GV-77
If $\operatorname{tg} x = t$, then $\cos 2x + \operatorname{sen} 2x$ is equivalent to:
Using the half arc tangent formulas (here, from $2x$ as a function of $\operatorname{tg} x$): $\cos 2x = \frac{1 - t^2}{1 + t^2}$ and $\operatorname{sen} 2x = \frac{2t}{1 + t^2}$.
Teste 94MACK-69
Another form for the expression $\dfrac{3\operatorname{sen} 2x}{1 - \cos 2x}$ is:
If $\operatorname{tg} x = m$ and $\operatorname{tg} 2x = 3m$, with $m > 0$, the acute angle $x$ measures:
$\frac{2m}{1 - m^2} = 3m$ with $m > 0$ gives $2 = 3 - 3m^2$, $m = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}$, that is, $x = 30^\circ$.
Teste 97ITA-77
Let $D = \left\{x \in \mathbb{R} \;\middle|\; x \ne \log\frac{n\pi}{2},\ n = 1, 2, 3, \ldots\right\}$ (natural logarithm). With respect to the function $f\colon D \to \mathbb{R}$ defined by $f(x) = \dfrac{\operatorname{sen}(3e^x)}{\operatorname{sen} e^x} - \dfrac{\cos(3e^x)}{\cos e^x}$, we can state that:
With $u = e^x$: $\frac{\operatorname{sen} 3u}{\operatorname{sen} u} - \frac{\cos 3u}{\cos u} = (3 - 4\operatorname{sen}^2 u) - (4\cos^2 u - 3) = 6 - 4 = 2$. The domain $D$ excludes exactly the points where $\operatorname{sen} u$ or $\cos u$ cancel each other out.
Teste 98MACK-74
With $u$ being the measure in radians of an angle and $v = \frac{\pi}{4} - u$, the expression $S = \dfrac{\operatorname{sen} u + \cos u}{\sqrt{2}\operatorname{sen} u\cos u}$, as a function of $x = \cos v$, is:
$\operatorname{sen} u + \cos u = \sqrt{2}\cos\left(u - \frac{\pi}{4}\right) = \sqrt{2}\cos v = \sqrt{2}x$. And $\operatorname{sen} u\cos u = \frac{1}{2}\operatorname{sen} 2u = \frac{1}{2}\operatorname{sen}\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - 2v\right) = \frac{1}{2}\cos 2v = \frac{2x^2 - 1}{2}$. Then $S = \frac{\sqrt{2}x}{\sqrt{2} \cdot \frac{2x^2 - 1}{2}} = \frac{2x}{2x^2 - 1}$.
Teste 99UNB-74
For $0 \le t \le 2\pi$, the expression $\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2(1 - \cos t)}$ is equal to:
$2(1 - \cos t) = 4\operatorname{sen}^2\frac{t}{2}$, so the expression is worth $\left|\operatorname{sen}\frac{t}{2}\right|$; as $0 \le \frac{t}{2} \le \pi$, the sine is $\ge 0$ and the module can be removed.
Teste 100MACK-73
Let $0 < \alpha < \frac{\pi}{2}$. From the figure below (circle radius 1 and center at the origin) it can be directly concluded that:
The angle inscribed with the vertex at $(-1, 0)$ measures half of the central angle $\alpha$. In the right-angled triangle formed by the chord, the axis $x$ and the projection of the point $(\cos\alpha, \operatorname{sen}\alpha)$, the tangent of this angle is $\frac{\operatorname{sen}\alpha}{1 + \cos\alpha}$.
Teste 101EESCUSP-68
If $\operatorname{cotg}\frac{a}{2} = \sqrt{3}$, then:
$\operatorname{cotg}\frac{a}{2} = \sqrt{3}$ gives $\frac{a}{2} = \frac{\pi}{6} + k\pi$, $a = \frac{\pi}{3} + 2k\pi$, and $\operatorname{sen} a = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$. (Or: $\operatorname{sen} a = \frac{2\operatorname{tg}(a/2)}{1 + \operatorname{tg}^2(a/2)} = \frac{2/\sqrt{3}}{4/3} = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}$.)
Teste 102CESCEA-69
If $\operatorname{tg}\frac{a}{2} = \frac{1}{2}$, then $\operatorname{tg} a$ is valid:
$\operatorname{tg} a = \frac{2 \cdot \frac{1}{2}}{1 - \frac{1}{4}} = \frac{4}{3}$.
Teste 103PUC-70
Simplifying the expression $\dfrac{1}{1 + \sec x} \cdot \sqrt{\dfrac{1 + \cos x}{1 - \cos x}}$, we obtain:
$\frac{1}{1 + \sec x} = \frac{\cos x}{1 + \cos x}$; multiplying by $\sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos x}{1 - \cos x}}$, we get $\frac{\cos x}{\sqrt{1 - \cos^2 x}} = \frac{\cos x}{|\operatorname{sen} x|}$, which is $\operatorname{cotg} x$ when $\operatorname{sen} x > 0$ (the test implicitly assumes this).
Teste 104MACK-76
The expression $\operatorname{tg}\frac{x}{2} + \operatorname{cotg}\frac{x}{2}$, for $0 < x < \frac{\pi}{2}$, is equivalent to:
If $0 < a_n < \frac{\pi}{2}$ and $\cos a_n = \frac{n}{n + 1}$, then $\cos\frac{a_n}{2}$ is valid:
Like $0 < \frac{a_n}{2} < \frac{\pi}{4}$, the cosine is positive: $\cos\frac{a_n}{2} = \sqrt{\frac{1 + \frac{n}{n + 1}}{2}} = \sqrt{\frac{2n + 1}{2n + 2}}$.
Teste 106FFCLUSP-67
The equality $\operatorname{tg} x = a\operatorname{cotg} x + b\operatorname{cotg} 2x$ is valid for every real $x$ such as $x \ne \frac{k\pi}{2}$. Then $a$ and $b$ are valid, respectively:
$\operatorname{cotg} 2x = \frac{\operatorname{cotg}^2 x - 1}{2\operatorname{cotg} x} = \frac{\operatorname{cotg} x - \operatorname{tg} x}{2}$. Then $a\operatorname{cotg} x + b\operatorname{cotg} 2x = \left(a + \frac{b}{2}\right)\operatorname{cotg} x - \frac{b}{2}\operatorname{tg} x$, which is $\operatorname{tg} x$ for all $x$ if $-\frac{b}{2} = 1$ and $a + \frac{b}{2} = 0$: $b = -2$, $a = 1$.
Teste 107ITA-75
Knowing that $\operatorname{sen} x = \frac{m - n}{m + n}$, with $n > 0$ and $m > 0$, we can say that $\operatorname{tg}\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{x}{2}\right)$ is equal to:
$\operatorname{tg}^2\left(\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{x}{2}\right) = \frac{1 - \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - x\right)}{1 + \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2} - x\right)} = \frac{1 - \operatorname{sen} x}{1 + \operatorname{sen} x} = \frac{2n/(m + n)}{2m/(m + n)} = \frac{n}{m}$. Therefore, the tangent is worth $\pm\sqrt{\frac{n}{m}}$, and the sign depends on $x$, which has not been fixed: for $\operatorname{sen} x = \frac{1}{2}$, for example, $x = \frac{\pi}{6}$ gives $+\sqrt{\frac{1}{3}}$ and $x = \frac{5\pi}{6}$ gives $-\sqrt{\frac{1}{3}}$. Therefore, no alternative is always valid; (d) is only correct when $\frac{\pi}{4} - \frac{x}{2}$ is in the 1st quadrant.
Teste 108CESCEA-76
Transforming the expression $\cos 70^\circ - \operatorname{sen} 60^\circ$ into a product, we obtain:
Let $P = \operatorname{sen}^2 ax - \operatorname{sen}^2 bx$. We then have to:
$\operatorname{sen}^2 A - \operatorname{sen}^2 B = (\operatorname{sen} A + \operatorname{sen} B)(\operatorname{sen} A - \operatorname{sen} B) = \operatorname{sen}(A + B)\operatorname{sen}(A - B)$ (transforming each factor into a product).
Teste 114MACK-77
The smallest value that $y$ can assume in the equality $y = \cos x + \cos 2x$ is:
With $c = \cos x \in [-1, 1]$: $y = 2c^2 + c - 1$, vertex parabola in $c = -\frac{1}{4}$, where $y = \frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{4} - 1 = -\frac{9}{8}$.
Teste 115MACK-74
Being $\operatorname{sen} x - \operatorname{sen} y = 2\operatorname{sen}\frac{x - y}{2}\cos\frac{x + y}{2}$ and remembering that $|\operatorname{sen} z| \le |z|$, $|\cos t| \le 1$ and $|ab| = |a||b|$, we can state that, for any real numbers $x$ and $y$:
The expression $\dfrac{\operatorname{sen}(a - x) + \operatorname{sen}(2a - 3x)}{\cos(a - x) + \cos(2a - 3x)}$ is the same as:
With $P = a - x$ and $Q = 2a - 3x$: $\frac{2\operatorname{sen}\frac{P + Q}{2}\cos\frac{P - Q}{2}}{2\cos\frac{P + Q}{2}\cos\frac{P - Q}{2}} = \operatorname{tg}\frac{P + Q}{2} = \operatorname{tg}\left(\frac{3}{2}a - 2x\right)$, which does not appear (alternative (c) has the sign changed).
Teste 117MACK-74
With $u$ being the measure in radians of an angle and $v = \frac{\pi}{4} - u$, the expression $S = \dfrac{\operatorname{sen} u + \cos u}{\sqrt{2}\operatorname{sen} u\cos u}$, as a function of $x = \cos v$, is:
It’s the same problem as the test 98: $S = \frac{2x}{2x^2 - 1}$. In the book, this question appears repeated, and alternative (d) is printed as $\frac{2x}{2x^2 + 1}$ — a sign error that would make all alternatives false; here it has been corrected.
Teste 118PUC-75
$\cos\frac{\pi}{12} \cdot \cos\frac{8\pi}{12}$ is worth:
Simplifying $4\operatorname{sen}\alpha\operatorname{sen}(60^\circ - \alpha)\operatorname{sen}(60^\circ + \alpha)$, we obtain:
$\operatorname{sen}(60^\circ - \alpha)\operatorname{sen}(60^\circ + \alpha) = \operatorname{sen}^2 60^\circ - \operatorname{sen}^2\alpha = \frac{3}{4} - \operatorname{sen}^2\alpha$. Then the expression is worth $3\operatorname{sen}\alpha - 4\operatorname{sen}^3\alpha = \operatorname{sen} 3\alpha$.
Teste 120ITA-69
For what values of $t$ does the system $x + y = \pi$, $\operatorname{sen} x + \operatorname{sen} y = \log_{10} t^2$ admit a solution?
From $x + y = \pi$ comes $\operatorname{sen} y = \operatorname{sen} x$, and the second equation becomes $2\operatorname{sen} x = 2\log_{10}|t|$, or $\operatorname{sen} x = \log_{10}|t|$. There is a solution if, and only if, $-1 \le \log_{10}|t| \le 1$, that is, $0{,}1 \le |t| \le 10$. For $t > 0$, it is the range of (d) — with the caveat that $t = 0{,}1$ also works, and the corresponding negative values do too.
Teste 121GV-75
The graph from $y = \operatorname{sen} x - \cos x$, to $0 \le x \le \pi$, is:
Graph (a)Graph (b)Graph (c)Graph (d)Graph (e)
$\operatorname{sen} x - \cos x = \sqrt{2}\operatorname{sen}\left(x - \frac{\pi}{4}\right)$: is worth $-1$ in $x = 0$, zero in $\frac{\pi}{4}$, reaches the maximum $\sqrt{2}$ in $\frac{3\pi}{4}$ and ends up being worth $1$ in $x = \pi$. It’s graph (d).